A tributary is a smaller stream or river that flows into a larger river.
Example: The Yamuna River is a tributary of the Ganges River.
Distributary:
A distributary is a branch of a river that flows away from the main river channel, usually found in deltas.
Example: The Hoogly River is a distributary of the Ganges River.
‘V’ shaped valley and ‘U’ shaped valley
‘V’ Shaped Valley:
A V-shaped valley is a valley with steep sides that looks like the letter “V.” It is formed by river erosion.
Example: Valleys in the Himalayas.
‘U’ Shaped Valley:
A U-shaped valley is a valley with a flat bottom and steep sides, looking like the letter “U.” It is formed by glacial erosion.
Example: Yosemite Valley in the USA.
Continental glacier and Mountain glacier
Continental Glacier:
A continental glacier is a massive ice sheet that covers large areas of a continent.
Example: The ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland.
Mountain Glacier:
A mountain glacier is a smaller glacier found in high mountain areas, flowing down valleys.
Example: Glaciers in the Himalayas and the Alps.
VIII Answer in a paragraph
Explain different landforms produced by river erosion.
River erosion creates various landforms as it flows over the land. It forms V-shaped valleys in mountains by cutting through rock over time. When waterfalls happen, they create plunge pools at their base where the water hits the ground. Rivers also create meanders, which are large bends in the river that form curves over time. Sometimes, meanders can get cut off from the river, forming ox-bow lakes. When rivers flood, they leave behind layers of soil called floodplains, which are flat and fertile. Near where rivers meet the sea, they slow down and deposit sediments, creating deltas that look like fans.
Describe the landforms associated with wind.
Wind creates special shapes in dry places like deserts. It shapes mushroom rocks, which are rocks that have a small base and a wide top, making them look like mushrooms. It also forms sand dunes, which are hills of sand formed by wind blowing the sand into piles. Some sand dunes are shaped like crescents and are called barchans. Wind also carries very fine sand and dust called loess, which it deposits in big areas, making rich soil.
How are aretes formed?
Aretes are narrow ridges that form between two valleys that had glaciers. Glaciers are big sheets of ice that move slowly, and they carve away rock as they move. When glaciers move, they grind against the sides of the mountains, making them thinner and sharper. Over time, this grinding creates narrow ridges called aretes between the valleys. These ridges are very steep and sharp because of the ice wearing away the rock.
