Write a note on smart city.
A smart city is an urban area that uses advanced technology and infrastructure to improve efficiency and quality of life for its residents and businesses.
Give reason.
Mumbai is a mega city.
Mumbai is a mega city because it has an exceptionally large population, exceeding 10 million people, making it one of the most populous cities in the world. It serves as the financial, commercial, and entertainment hub of India, attracting a massive influx of people for economic opportunities. Its extensive infrastructure, including major ports, airports, and industries, supports its large population and diverse economic activities, contributing to its status as a mega city.
Himalayas have dispersed settlement.
Himalayas have dispersed settlements due to the challenging terrain and extreme climatic conditions, which make large-scale, concentrated settlements difficult. The steep slopes, frequent landslides, and limited arable land force communities to spread out over larger areas where suitable land is available. Additionally, the isolated nature of many valleys and the necessity of self-sufficient living also contribute to the dispersed settlement pattern in the Himalayas.
Distinguish between.
Language and Religion
| Language | Religion |
| System of communication using sounds or symbols | System of faith and worship |
| Facilitates communication and social interaction | Provides moral framework and spiritual guidance |
| Written or spoken | Practices, rituals, and beliefs |
| Thousands of languages worldwide | Multiple religions, each with distinct beliefs |
| Promotes cultural identity and heritage | Serves as a symbol of group identity and unity |
| Learned through socialization and education | Passed down through traditions and teachings |
| Affects education, literature, and media | Influences laws, customs, and ethical systems |
| English, Hindi, Mandarin, Spanish | Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism |
Negroid and Mangoloid
| Negroid | Mongoloid |
| Dark skin | Light yellow to brown skin |
| Black, curly, or wooly hair | Straight hair |
| Wide nose, thick lips, and long head | Flat face, broad head, and medium nose |
| Generally dark eyes | Almond-shaped eyes with an epicanthic fold |
| Predominantly found in Africa | Predominantly found in Asia and the Arctic regions |
| Various ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa | East Asians, Native Americans, Inuit |
City and town
| City | Town |
| Larger population, typically exceeding 100,000 | Smaller population, usually between 5,000 and 100,000 |
| Extensive and advanced infrastructure | Less extensive infrastructure |
| Diverse economic activities including industries, services, and commerce | Primarily local businesses, services, and some industries |
| Often serves as an administrative, cultural, and economic hub | May have local administrative functions but less significant |
| High-rise buildings, complex transportation systems, and numerous amenities | Fewer high-rise buildings, simpler transportation, and limited amenities |
| New York, Mumbai, Tokyo | Springfield, Smallville, Northampton |
Urban settlement and rural settlement
| Urban Settlement | Rural Settlement |
| High population density | Low population density |
| Predominantly secondary and tertiary activities (industries, services) | Predominantly primary activities (agriculture, fishing, mining) |
| Well-developed infrastructure, including roads, buildings, and public services | Less developed infrastructure, often limited to basic needs |
| Highly built-up areas with residential, commercial, and industrial zones | Open spaces with more natural landscapes |
| Greater access to amenities such as hospitals, schools, and entertainment | Limited access to amenities, with fewer facilities available |
| Diverse and complex social structure | More homogeneous and simpler social structure |
| Advanced public transportation systems and networks | Limited public transportation, reliance on personal vehicles |
| New York, Tokyo, Mumbai | Small villages, farming communities |
Answer the following in a paragraph
Write about the four major classification of races.
Four major classifications of races:
The four major classifications of races are Caucasoid (European), Negroid (African), Mongoloid (Asian), and Australoid (Australian/Asian). These classifications are based on inherited physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, facial features, and body structure. Each race has distinctive traits that have evolved over centuries in response to different environmental conditions and genetic factors.
What are the factors influencing rural settlement?
Factors influencing rural settlement:
Rural settlements are influenced by factors like topography, climate, availability of water and soil fertility, economic activities (such as agriculture), social organization, and historical factors. These elements determine where people choose to settle and how communities develop over time.
What are types of rural settlement? Explain any three.
Types of rural settlement:
Rural settlements can be classified into several types based on their patterns and characteristics. Three common types are:
Compact settlements: Nucleated settlements found along river valleys or fertile plains.
Dispersed settlements: Scattered settlements found in areas with extreme climates, hilly terrain, or dense forests.
Linear settlements: Arranged along transportation routes like roads or rivers.
